Authorization Mechanisms
Authorization mechanisms are security processes that determine what actions a user or system can perform within a computing environment after they have been authenticated. These mechanisms enforce access controls by verifying user permissions against defined policies, roles, or attributes. Common methods include Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), where permissions are assigned based on user roles; Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC), which considers the user's attributes and context; and discretionary access control (DAC), which allows resource owners to define access policies. Authorization can also involve methods like access tokens, OAuth, and permission sets, ensuring that sensitive data and operations are only accessible to authorized users, thereby safeguarding systems from unauthorized access and potential breaches.
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1 - Role Based Access Control (RBAC): This mechanism assigns permissions to roles rather than to individual users. Users are assigned roles based on their responsibilities, simplifying management.
2) Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC): ABAC determines access based on user attributes, resource attributes, and environmental conditions. This provides a dynamic and fine grained control mechanism.
3) Discretionary Access Control (DAC): In DAC, the resource owner decides who can access specific resources. This is common in file systems and allows for flexible sharing.
4) Mandatory Access Control (MAC): MAC enforces strict policies defined by a central authority. Users cannot change access settings, ensuring consistent enforcement of security policies.
5) Multi Factor Authentication (MFA): While primarily an authentication method, MFA can tie into authorization by requiring additional verification to access resources, thereby enhancing security.
6) OAuth: This is an open standard for token based authentication and authorization on the internet, allowing users to grant third party applications limited access to their resources.
7) OpenID Connect: Built on OAuth 2.0, OpenID Connect adds identity layer on top of OAuth, letting clients verify the identity of users based on the authentication performed by an authorization server.
8) JSON Web Tokens (JWT): JWTs are used for securely transmitting information between parties. They can be utilized for stateless authentication and authorization of users.
9) Policy Based Access Control (PBAC): PBAC utilizes policies defined by the organization to control access to resources, making it adaptable to various environments and requirements.
10) Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML): SAML is an XML based framework for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties, commonly used for Single Sign On (SSO).
11) Kerberos: This network authentication protocol uses tickets to allow nodes to prove their identity in a secure manner, facilitating secure access to resources.
12) Access Control Lists (ACLs): ACLs are used to specify which users or system processes are granted access to objects, as well as what operations are allowed.
13) Session Management: This mechanism controls the server side session state of a user, verifying their authorization throughout their interactions with the application.
14) Contextual Access Control: This method takes into account contextual information such as time, location, and device to make real time access decisions.
15) Federated Identity Management: This involves linking and managing identities across multiple systems or domains, enabling users to access resources across those domains with a single identity.
16) Risk Based Authentication: It adjusts access controls based on the user’s risk profile at the time of access, effectively balancing security and user experience.
17) Logging and Monitoring: It involves tracking access requests and activities to ensure compliance and support forensic analysis, which is essential for maintaining a secure environment.
These mechanisms provide different layers and methods for managing access to resources, each with its own strengths and appropriate use cases. Integrating these topics into a training program can help students understand how to secure applications and data effectively.
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