Android Architecture
Understanding Android Architecture: A Comprehensive Guide
Android Architecture
Android architecture is a comprehensive framework that facilitates the development of applications for Android devices, comprising several layers that work together to provide a robust environment. At the bottom layer is the Linux Kernel, which handles core system services such as security and memory management. Above the kernel are the Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) and the Android Runtime (ART), which include components for managing libraries and running applications. The next layer is the Android Framework, which provides a set of APIs and tools for developers to create applications, including components like Activities, Services, and Broadcast Receivers. Finally, at the top layer are the applications themselves, which leverage the framework to deliver diverse functionalities to users. This layered architecture allows for modularity, flexibility, and easier management of resources, making Android a versatile platform for developers and users alike.
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1 - Application Layer: This is the topmost layer where Android application code resides. Applications run in the Android Runtime (ART). It includes user interface and interaction controls.
2) Application Framework: This layer provides a rich application framework to build applications. It includes features like activity management, resource management, and notifications.
3) Libraries Layer: This layer contains a set of C/C++ libraries used by various components of Android for functionalities like graphics, media, SQLite database, and web browsers.
4) Android Runtime (ART): This layer consists of the core libraries and the Dalvik Virtual Machine (for older devices) or ART for running apps. ART improves performance and efficiency.
5) Linux Kernel: At the core of Android lies the Linux kernel, which manages hardware and provides essential services like memory management, process management, and security.
6) Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL): This layer provides standard interfaces that expose device hardware capabilities to the framework, allowing developers to write hardware independent code.
7) Content Providers: These are components that manage access to a structured set of data. They encapsulate data and provide it to applications through a well defined interface.
8) Intents: Intents are messaging objects that facilitate communication between components, allowing for activity launching, service requests, or broadcasting messages.
9) Activities: An activity represents a single screen with a user interface. It is a key component of Android apps, handling user interaction and UI rendering.
10) Services: A service is a component that runs in the background to perform long running operations without needing a user interface.
11) Broadcast Receivers: These components listen for and respond to broadcast messages from other applications or the system, enabling apps to react to system wide events.
12) Fragments: Fragments are modular sections of an activity, allowing for more flexible UI designs, especially on larger screens like tablets.
13) View System: Android’s view system is responsible for all the UI elements in an app, consisting of View and ViewGroup objects that create the interface.
14) Resource Management: Android manages the app’s resources (like strings, layouts, and images) through the res/ directory, enabling developers to easily create adaptable UIs.
15) Security Features: Android architecture includes layers of security, providing each application with its own instance of the Android security model that ensures sandboxing, permissions, and data protection.
16) Google Play Services: This is not part of core Android architecture but plays a vital role by providing additional functionalities (like maps, location services, etc.) to Android applications.
17) Development Tools: Android architecture is supported by a range of development tools, primarily Android Studio, which includes an IDE, emulators, and debugging tools to streamline the app development process.
This framework is designed to give students a well rounded understanding of the Android architecture, its components, and how they interact to create robust applications.
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